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Etrto standards manual 2018 pdf download |
Etrto standards manual 2018 pdf download.Document Information
Starting opposite the valve, manually unseat one bead of the tyre, by pushing it completely into the rim well. Without using any tools and starting opposite to the valve, lift this bead of the tyre over the rim flange around the full circumference. Unseat the second bead by pushing it into the rim well. Then remove the tyre from the rim. Removal should be carried out manually without the use of any tools, to avoid damaging the tyre bead seat area. Fitting Ensure the tyre to be fitted is the correct type and size for the vehicle concerned and its intended service.
Ensure that the rim is of the correct width and diameter as specified in the published standard and that the correct off-set is used in order to provide adequate clearance from the vehicle and, where applicable, the correct dual spacing. In case of tubeless tyres, check the suitability of the rim. Always work in safe, clean conditions avoiding soft, open ground. Ensure that all items to be assembled are clean and in good condition.
In particular check that the tyres and inner tubes are free from damage and take special care that no foreign matter remains inside the tyre or between the tyre bead and the rim bead seat. The rim bead seats and the tyre beads must be lubricated with an approved proprietary tyre lubricant only. This applies especially to tubeless tyres.
The use of valve extension pieces is advised for those valves to which access is difficult, as in the case of the inner tyres of twin assemblies.
In the case of tubed-type tyres, dust the tube with french chalk before inserting it into the tyre. For tubeless tyres fitted without a tube, the rim must be airtight. Where a flap is required, dusting both surfaces with dry talc will help to locate it. In the case of one-piece drop centre rims, with the tyre on the rim start the inflation making certain that the beads are correctly located on the bead seat.
Until this is done do not exceed the pressure recommended by the tyre manufacturer usually kPa. In the case of tyres fitted on multi-piece rims, with the tyre on the rim and the assembly flat on the ground, inflate until the detachable flange is located correctly against the lock ring. Correct location is facilitated by tapping these rim parts with a rubber hammer during the preliminary inflation. Ensure that the air line between the valve and the pressure gauge is long enough to enable the fitter to stand clear of any danger from flying components in the event of a tyre or wheel burst.
Removal Before each operation, it is essential to make sure that the tyre is completely deflated by unscrewing and removing the valve insert. In the case of rims of multi-piece construction the operation must start by the removal of the lock ring and the detachable rim flange. If it is necessary to change a tyre without removing the wheel from the vehicle, the following additional safety precautions must be observed before proceeding as above: Ensure that the vehicle is on firm and level ground.
After jacking it up, support the axle with axle stands. Place the valve at its lowest position and apply the handbrake. In order to avoid all possible risks of an accident in the above operations, it is recommended that the work is carried-out only by quaiified specialists.
In particular such work must never be done by an apprentice alone, and if it is done by two or more persons at least one of them must be present throughout inflation pressure. In general tyres must be inflated according to the load they carry. In particular, if tyres are to operate for any length of time on roads or other hard surfaces, it is advisable to increase pressures to those recommended for highway use.
Inflation pressure must be checked at least once a fortnight. These checks should be made only when the tyres are cold. Note that the valve cap, which must be of the sealing type, acts as an air seal and should be fitted at all times.
Liquid ballasting Tyres containing liquid ballast must be clearly identifiable. The following precautions must be observed : An appropriate air-water valve must be used.
The liquid ballast should contain an approved antifreeze additive. Consult the tyre manufacturer concerned. In the case of tubeless tyres a rust inhibitor, approved by the tyre manufacturer concerned, must be added to the liquid ballast as a protection against corrosion of the rim.
A special gauge for liquid filled tyres must be used for pressure checks. These should be made with the valve in its lowest position in order to include the pressure due to the liquid in the tyre. Before demounting a liquid ballasted tyre from the rim, ensure that the liquid is completely drained-off.
Failure to do this could lead to eventual tyre failure due to deterioration of the cord fabric caused by the residual liquid. Note : Liquid ballasting procedures and the recommended volume of liquid to be used should be obtained from the tyre manufacturer concerned. Tyre repair and retreading In the course of their life, tyres are subjected to an enormous number of constraints and can be damaged in many ways.
Tyre storage Some agricultural equipment may be used on a seasonal basis and therefore be out of service for a period of time. During such storage periods vehicles should preferably be raised on blocks and tyre pressures reduced to 70 kPa with the tyres protected by an opaque waterproof cover. Periodic inspection of the tyres is recommended in order to avoid unnecessary breakdowns when the vehicle is brought back into service.
If the above is not possible, tyres should be maintained at their recommended operating inflation pressure. Tyres not fitted on vehicles should be stored indoors in cool, dry conditions, out of direct sunlight and away from electrical machines.
Regular re-positioning to avoid casing distortion is also recommended. Wheels The condition of wheels should be checked regularly particularly for distortion of rims and cracked or damaged wheel discs. Damaged rim flanges may permit the ingress of stones or other foreign bodies between the rim flange and the tyre bead which could lead to tyre failure. Never rework, weld, heat or braze rims.
Whenever any work on rims has to be performed, make sure tyre is demounted first. Damaged, distorted, cracked or broken wheels or components must not be used and should be scrapped.
Consult the tyre and wheel manufacturers for confirmation of the wheels suitability and strength for the service intended. If damage such as a blister, rupture, or cut exposing the casing, is visible on a tyre, or if it has suffered a violent impact such that there has been a risk of internal damage, it must be removed and examined by a tyre specialist as soon as possible to determine whether it is repairable, even though it appears to be sound.
It is dangerous to re-inflate a tyre which has run flat or under-inflated and any such tyre must be removed for examination by an expert to check for tyre, tube, valve or rim damage and to be assessed for further service.
Remove any tyre where the bead area is chafed and the casing is exposed in the area where the tyre fits against the rim flange. Tyres fitted to vehicles which are parked for long periods will tend to age and crack more easily than those which are used and run frequently. Whether fitted on rims or not, tyres must be kept in clean conditions free from exposure to sunlight or strong artificial light, heat, ozone electrical machines and hydrocarbons. When stored fitted on rims, inflation pressure must be reduced.
Downgraded tyres It is recommended that downgraded tyres be marked with the following inscription : DA There is no restriction on the use of tyres marked DA Tyres marked DA on at least one sidewall are tyres with only minor external blemishes which do not affect their performance in any way.
General Replacement tyres must be suitable for the type of vehicle and the applications on which they are used. These applications may vary - type of service, route, load, speed - but tyre manufacturers offer a comprehensive range of tyre sizes, constructions and tread patterns and are the only competent authority to advise the user on tyre selection.
This advice is backed by extensive facilities, both in equipment and personnel, for carrying out research and development over the full range of service conditions. Tyre load and speed Replacement tyres must be capable of carrying the actual loads on the vehicle axle at the required speeds. The tyre sizes recommended in the vehicle or tyre manufacturers handbooks have been selected bearing in mind the following parameters : Maximum axle weight with mounted implements Maximum speed Service conditions.
Tyre manufacturers make agricultural tyres suitable for all purposes and operating conditions. Some of these have heavy treads which can generate relatively high running temperatures. Therefore to ensure good, safe tyre performance it is essential to limit the maximum operating speeds to those specified in the tyre manufacturers recommendations. Overloading or under inflation increases the flexing of tyres which leads to excessive heat build up and an increased risk of tyre failure.
Agricultural tyres: low point first harmonic of radial run-out marking : a white or yellow coloured spot shape : may be round, oval or thumbprint like dimension : minimu diameter of 5 mm location : near the rim flange on both sidewalls. Introduction Although in the majority of cases industrial pneumatic tyres are used by professionals having a sound knowledge of operating conditions, E. Rim components should not be modified nor should components of various rim manufacturers be mixed.
All tubeless tyres shall be fitted on airtight rims. Stop inflating the tyre at kPa 1st step , inspect the tyre and ensure that there are no tyre deformation or blisters. Deformations or blister implie the demounting of the tyre and examination by a specialist.
In the case of tyres fitted on multi-piece rims, with the tyre on the rim, and the assembly flat on the ground, inflate not above kPa until the detachable flange is located correctly against the lock ring. Place the assembly in a safety cage. Ensure proper seating of the locking components in the safety cage prior to full pressurization.
Tyre removal Before each operation, it is essential to make sure that the tyre is completely deflated by unscrewing and removing the valve core check that the valve is free of any obstacle like dirt or ice. In the case of rims of multi-piece construction, for example, the operation must start by the removal of the lock ring and the detachable rim flange. Inflation pressure Most tyre damages are due to, or aggravated by, incorrect inflation pressures.
In general, the industrial and lift truck tyres must be inflated according to the load they carry. Pressures other than those in the tables may nevertheless be recommended by tyre manufacturers for particular applications or to.
Tyre pressures must be checked regularly when cold once a fortnight using an accurate pressure gauge - not forgetting the spare wheel. Wheels The condition of wheels should be checked regularly particularly for distortion of rim flanges and wheel discs.
Cracked rims or wheels must be replaced, paying p-articular attention to the inside wheel of twin fitments. It is strongly recommended that tyres are deflated before removal of the wheel assembly from the vehicle. Divided wheels should be designed so, that on the wheel, when it is fitted to the v-ehicle, only those screws and nuts are accessible, which fit the wheel to the vehicle.
When driving on public roads, local legislation concerning minimum tread depth must be respected. The maximum load capacity of the tyres on an axle, whether in single or dual fitment, must never be less than the maximum weight per axle specified by the vehicle manufacturer. The following precautions is to be observed: do not fit tyres of different constructions on the same axle.
In any case, the stability of the vehicule is to be ensured. Downgraded tyres It is recommended that downgraded tyres be marked with the following inscription : DA There is no restriction on the use of tyres marked DA. Introduction Although in the majority of cases Industrial Solid Tyres are used by professionals having a sound knowledge of the using conditions, E. Load and speed ratings of tyres The load rating is stipulated for each tyre.
An interpolation of load ratings between specific speed steps is not permitted. When determining the permitted load rating, the tare weight of the solid tyres is not included in the vehicle weight. Overloading, exceeding the maximum speed and lengthy continuous service are all to be avoided, so as to avoid excessive heat build-up that could lead to tyre failure.
The distance covered at maximum speed should not exceed m. A cooling period must follow any journey at maximum speed. Special service conditions Solid tyres made of rubber are usually resistant to incidental contacts with oils and greases as well as to most commercially available chemicals. Solid tyres made of polyurethane are, however, sensitive to acids, alkalis, amines, phenols and steam. So the tyre manufacturer should be consulted before a tyre is used in conditions where it is likely to come into contact with such substances.
Conductive and electrostatically effective tyres are to be marked as such by the manufacturer. As the electrical conductivity may decrease their use, tyres should be cleaned after service and their conductivity should be checked. Solid tyres are designed for use at normal temperatures. For use in extreme cold or warm environments, the manufacturer should be consulted. Care of tyres Solid tyres require only little relatively maintenance and only need to be checked at infrequent intervals.
In particular foreign bodies are to be removed from the treads. Ageing of tyres Tyres age even if they are only occasionally used or even not used at all. Cracks in rubber in the external surface indicate ageing. The effect of sunlight, heat and ozone accelerates the ageing process. Aged tyres should be examined by an expert who can say whether they may continue in service.
Tyre replacement Tyres have to be replaced when they are worn out see Solid tyres on pneumatic tyre rims and rubber solid tyres cylindrical and conical bases wear limit or non-repairable damage has been caused by mechanical injury or ageing. The original equipment tyres supplied with the new vehicle were selected by vehicle and tyre manufacturers to be suitable for the expected service conditions.
The moment major alterations are done on a machine, it has to be checked whether the tyres still comply with the eventually changed weight distributions. When replacement tyres are fitted, it should be ensured that the rims are in a proper condition. Rim damage and incorrect fitting can lead to tyre failure. Tyre mixing Tyres of only one type and size with approximately the same overall diameter may be fitted on any one axle. The use of different tyre types different manufacturers, or even different tyre types of the same manufacturer can lead to premature tyre failure because of the uneven wheel suspension.
Similarly tyres with different remaining tread depths can lead to premature tyre failure because of the uneven load distribution. Tyre storage see pages 9 to 11 The storage area for unused tyres, especially for polyurethane tyres, should be cool, dark and moderately ventilated.
Stored tyres should not come into contact with fuel, lubricants, solvents or any other chemicals. Regrooving of tyres Tyres may only be regrooved by experts in accordance with the instructions of the tyre manufacturer.
Tyre fitting The fitting of rubber solid tyres on pneumatic tyre rims requires suitable presses and tools, and should be performed by qualified persons only. It is recommended that during the fitting process the operators wear homologated individual safety protections glasses, gloves, safety shoes. It is recommended that the fitting press is equipped with safety screens protecting the operators against eventually projected metal or rubber parts. Before fitting the tyre, check the rim and the fitting rings for eventual damage, cracks, deformations.
Always fit concentrically in order not to damage the tyre bead base. Only approved rim sizes are to be used. Use only fast-drying lubricant. Do not use oil or grease. The bead base width of the tyre has to correspond with the rim width between the flanges.
Pressing a tyre on a too narrow rim can damage the bead base area. In case the rim is designed to be used with a 5-tapered bead seat ring, the fitting of this is mandatory in order to prevent slipping on the rim. Only tapered rings without collar to be used. Locking ring: for safety reasons, this part has to be in one piece. The use of 2 halve rings causes serious safety risks both during fitting as well as during use of the tyre.
For self-locking tyres designed to be fitted without locking rims , it has to be checked carefully whether the tyre rim combination is appropriate. Make sure the locking nose of the tyre fits correctly in the rim gutter. Wear limit As far as legal or security rules do not require the presence of grooves in the tread profile, solid tyres on pneumatic tyre rims are worn out when the tread compound is depleted.
The manufacturers relevant recommendations shall be observed. Tyre fitting Rubber solid tyres with cylindrical steelband base have an inside diameter which is smaller than the overall diameter of the wheel.
They are fitted by pressing them over the wheel with a suitable press and tools. Rubber solid tyres with conical base can be fitted without special tools on center divided twopiece rims. For other types e. Oil and grease to be substituted by fast-drying lubricant. Always fit concentrically in order not to damage either wheel or tyre inside. Wheel outside diameter to be compliant with E.
Wear limit As a rule of thumb, a pressed on band rubber solid tyre is considered to be worn out when one third of the original rubber height is depleted. Although at that moment there is still a considerable amount of rubber, the damping characteristics of the tyre decrease , which could cause damage to the machine or the floor.
Introduction Although in the majority of cases, tyres for earthmoving machinery are used by professionals having a sound knowledge of operating conditions, E.
It should be clearly understood that these recommendations are applicable to tyres used in normal earthmover service. For other conditions it may be necessary to modify or supplement these recommendations following agreement between the tyre, rim and vehicle manufacturers.
Fitting and removal The fitting and removal of earthmover tyres is a specialist operation requiring particular equipment and knowledge. If in doubt consult an expert.
Tyre fitting In addition to the information shown in the E. All tubeless tyres should be fitted on airtight rims. Where no tubeless marking appears on the tyre sidewalls, tyres are intended to be fitted with an appropriate tube.
A flap may also be necessary. Remove all contamination dirt, grease, rust etc. If it is cracked or deformed, it should be replaced. In the case of multi-piece rims, check that the components are correct and compatible. Always fit a new "O" ring seal when tubeless tyres are fitted on multi-piece rims, the cost of a new "O" ring is negligible compared to the cost of a tyre and is worth the investment.
New tubes and flaps are a necessary part of a tubed assembly. It is also advisable to fit new valves and sealing washers as a precaution. Check that tyres and tubes are free from damage and that the bead area is clean.
If this recommendation is not followed, bead damage or personal injury could occur. Note: the use of hydrocarbons is prohibited. The edge of the valve hole on the tyre side of the rim should be free of sharp edges, whilst on the weather side the edge should be free from any burrs that can damage the valve stem. In order to avoid damage to the tube or flap, ensure that the valve is located correctly in the valve hole. Valve extensions are frequently required for valves which are difficult to access, as in the case of the inner tyre of twin dual assemblies.
In the case of tyres fitted on multi-piece rims, inflate until the components are correctly in place. Correct location is facilitated by tapping the components with a non-metallic hammer during the preliminary inflation. However, the tyre should not be inflated above a pressure of 50 kPa before the component parts are checked for correct location.
Once the tyre is mounted on the rim and all components are correctly positioned, continue inflating, stopping at kPa. Inspect the tyre and ensure that the tyre has no deformations. Any deformation requires that the tyre is demounted from the rim for examination by a specialist.. Continue inflating to the recommended operating pressure. Note : Some tyre manufacturers may advise inflating to a pressure higher than the recommended to ensure beads are correctly seated, then reducing to the recommended pressure.
Ensure that the airline between the valve and the pressure gauge is long enough to enable the fitter to stand clear of the assembly. Never leave a tyre to inflate whilst unattended. Tyre additives The tyre industry does not recommend the use of any kind of additive product because of potential contamination of the inner liner and premature failure that could result in safety issues during the life of the tyre.
Tyre removal Before loosening any wheel or rim clamping bolts from a machine it is essential that the tyre or both tyres in twin dual formation or all tyres in other multiple fitments is are completely deflated by unscrewing and removing the valve core. Anyone failing to comply with this recommendation risks serious injury or death. Beware on large tyres, icing of the valve stem can cause it to block the flow of air with the consequence that the tyre will not completely deflate.
Care should be exercised in the removal of the various components to avoid personal injury. Attention : rim components can be heavy and under spring tension. Inflation pressure Most tyre damage is due to, or aggravated by, incorrect inflation pressures. In general, tyres for transport machines and working machines should be inflated according to the load they are carrying.
In addition, for transport machines, the average speed the machines travel at needs to be taken into account. The concept of "load" should be taken to include material density. Pressures other than those shown in the tables may be utilised for particular applications. Tyre pressures should be checked visually on a daily basis and once every week actually checked using an accurate pressure gauge. These checks should be made preferably only when the tyres are cold.
Therefore the inflation pressure of warm tyres should never be reduced to the recommended cold values. Some large earthmover tyres may take 8 hours or more to reach their working temperature. Running with under-inflated or deflated tyres should be avoided. A driver will not always be aware of deflated tyre - for example in the case of tyres fitted in twins duals.
A sealing valve cap acts as a secondary seal and should be fitted at all times. Nitrogen gas inflation for earthmover tyres Tyres inflated with air in normal conditions of use do not pose any specific problems either with regards to endurance or with regards to safety.
Nitrogen gas can be used to inflate tyres to eliminate the risk of internal combustion of the tyre with the resultant possibility of explosion. For the explosion scenario to develop, extra heat must be added to that developed by the tyre in normal service for internal combustion to occur. An outside energy source is the most likely cause. Some sources of extra energy or heat :. Welding on or applying heat to the wheel such as heating damaged wheel nuts. Even not inflated and unseated, a tyre on a rim can explode due to external heat applied to the wheel releasing volatile vapours into the tyre cavity.
Even if tyres are nitrogen inflated, applying heat to a wheel with a tyre still fitted should never be allowed, as it is impossible to be sure that the tyre has no oxygen air in it! Vehicles that come into contact with high voltage power lines, or get struck by lightning can cause tyres to explode at the moment of contact or soon after.
Nitrogen inflation will prevent tyre explosion. Name required. Search for:. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Email Address: Follow Join 12 other subscribers. Create a free website or blog at WordPress. Follow Following. Sign me up. Section Design Section A V1. See page V 16 x 4 4.
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